Is it Possible that DNA Genetic Material itself to fool the Definite Determination?

Real Fathers may escape responsibility of fathering; Lawyers shall stand on their toes on floor to question the protocols used by laboratories, to determine a real father.  

Presently there is a popular link of the Internet among Sri Lankans, particularly of who are interested in ethnic and population dissemination studies. A research Journal of Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian sub continental populations by Lanka Ranaweera, Supannee Kaewsutthi, Aung Win Tun, Hathaichanoke Boonyarit, Samerchai Poolsuwan and Patcharee Lertrit at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University of Bangkok, Thailand and at Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology, Thammasat University, PraChan, Bangkok, Thailand.

http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v59/n1/full/jhg2013112a.html

Particular research outcome is abstracted as follows by the researchers.

Edited for Simplicity

Abstract

Located only a short distance off the southernmost shore of the Greater Indian subcontinent, the island of Sri Lanka has long been inhabited by various ethnic populations. Mainly comprising the Veddha, Sinhalese (Up- and Low-country) and Tamil (Sri Lankan and Indian); their history of settlements on the island and the biological relationships among them have remained obscure. It has been hypothesized that the Veddha was probably the earliest inhabitants of the area, followed by Sinhalese and Tamil from the Indian mainland. This study, in which 271 individuals, representing the Sri Lankan ethnic populations mentioned, were typed for their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hyper variable (highly active variant) segment 1 (HVS-1) and part of hyper variable segment 2 (HVS-2), provides implications for their settlement history on the island. From the phylogenetic, principal coordinate and analysis of molecular variance results, the Veddha occupied a position separated from all other ethnic people of the island, who formed relatively close affiliations among themselves, suggesting a separate origin of the former. The haplotypes and analysis of molecular variance revealed that Veddah people’s mitochondrial sequences are more related to the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils’ than the Indian Tamils’ sequences. MtDNA haplogroup (Group of Similarity in DNA typed) analysis revealed that several West Eurasian haplogroups as well as Indian-specific mtDNA clades were found amongst the Sri Lankan populations. Through a comparison with the mtDNA HVS-1 and part of HVS-2 of Indian database, both Tamils and Sinhalese clusters were affiliated with Indian subcontinent populations than Veddha people who are believed to be the native population of the island of Sri Lanka.

My intension here is to discuss the possibilities of Mitochondrial DNA intervening the final determination of the laboratories that uses Nuclear DNA for forensic analysis, since above researchers appropriately extracted the Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for their research which is as well reflective of ancient dissemination of ethnic population within Sri Lanka.  My intension is also making readers of above link easily understanding it.

Before we go into the details of this research paper we should know the difference between Mitochondrial DNA that was used for this research findings as against the generally used Nuclear DNA for other purpose such as for forensic determination of criminology and the reason for using Mitochondrial DNA against the normal Nuclear DNA that stores the entire genetic material of any living creature or organism.  One and only Nucleus of a tiny cell is the place for all genes that decides and make sure everything goes on smoothly through genesis transcription, translation and control. Thus it carries 3.3 billion nucleotides base pairs representing or encoding for 20,000 to 25,000 of human genes arranged linearly and helically wound to proteins that make up the chromosomes; 23 in pairs (46 single units) of such chromosomes are found in a human cells and at each time a sperm and an ovum meets to be fertilized to produce an embryo or a baby, a sperm of a male brings 23 single units of chromosomes and the female counterpart the ovum carries the balance 23 single units of chromosomes, ensuring the human baby formed constitute the needed  46 single units or 23 pairs of chromosomes.  One or many genes may represent one trait or behavioral pattern. A particular series of nucleotides arrangements in a DNA molecule codes for each gene; and this type of multiple complexity disassociates Nuclear DNA from population dissemination studies. Multiple genes for one trait is known as heterogeneous and the best character of a Nuclear DNA itself is at constrain for population dissemination studies. But only Nuclear DNA can definitely determine an actual father or fathering child if disputes arises. Why?

Why Mitochondria of a cell assigned to do some other important job for the body taking up the assignment of the Nucleus of a cell the genetic transmission offspring to offspring. To understand this phenomenon, we must know the exact all important assignment of Mitochondria generally to fulfill – we all know any work to be done we need energy, similarly body cells and nucleus needs energy to complete a job, normally even a chemical reaction needs energy anywhere, that we know; Mitochondria is the organelle is the only energy generator – usable energy generator for each and every 100 s of thousands of actions and reactions of the body cells, even in deep sleep. Mitochondria takes up the oxygen and Glucose or Fatty Acids brought by the blood from lungs and intestines or liver respectively, and undertakes series of chemical reactions to produce easily breakable ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate bonds that release Energy + recyclable ADP Adenosine Di Phosphate as a nonstop cyclic process. This unstoppable chemical process requires numerous proteins as enzymes to keep on producing usable energy. Therefore it cannot solely depend on the nucleus to provide messages to produce these enzyme proteins or to wait until proteins synthesized elsewhere to be brought to Mitochondria; hence Mitochondria itself genetically code for about 37 genes of its own proteins through Mitochondrial DNA,   encoding for 13 enzymes proteins of cytochrome terminal electron transport, the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and of oxidative phosphorylation, all names of above continuous process and for 22 transfer trRNAs and 2 messenger rRNAs.  All these actions take place separately covered by the genes of the Nuclear DNA as well. Mitochondrial DNA only has one chromosome, and this is organized like a circular genome (similar to most prokaryotic bacterial DNA). This single chromosome is much shorter consisting of only 1659 Nucleotide base pairs as against the 3.3 billions base pairs of the Nuclear DNA.  

Each Mitochondria replicates like bacterial cells to give rise to many Mitochondria according to energy requirements. Actually Mitochondrial DNA is the oldest,   being derived from the circular prokaryotic genomes of the bacteria that were engulfed by the early ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells that we all possess. In the cells of current organisms, the vast majority of the proteins present in the mitochondria (numbering approximately 1500 different types in mammals) are coded for by the nuclear DNA, but the genes for some of them, if not most, are thought to have originally been of bacterial origin, having since been transferred to the eukaryotic nucleus during evolution.

Nuclear DNA, undergoes cleavage and are rearranged in the process of recombination ensuring a complete  transmission of gene to the offspring through special nuclear dividing process  known as meiosis;  but mtDNA undergoes  a simple process of division that transmit genes from parent to offspring. Because of this, and the fact that the mutation rate of mtDNA is higher than that of nuclear DNA and thus also can be easily measured, and analyzed; as such mtDNA is a powerful tool for tracking maternal-lineage, and has been used in this role for tracking the ancestry of many species back hundreds of generations. Human mtDNA can also be used to identify individuals; in all female mammals including human ovum being a unit of cell contains Nucleus as well as and numerous mitochondria within the cytoplasm of the cell is ensured of maternal transfer of genetic materials to the off springs as above described.  

Only the head (Left lower corner) of the sperm reaches the Egg Nucleus; mid piece and tails are disintegrated within the Cytoplasm as food for Ova. Spiral middle piece denotes the Mitochondria, all important for sperm swimming to reach the destination.  

Whereas male sperm cells through its best structure suited to swim against the odds within vaginal tracks to accomplish the ensuring of fertilization with ovum, only Nucleus and nuclear DNA reaches the egg nucleus to produce the Zygote the fertilized egg for next step. Since the father's mtDNA is located in the sperm mid-piece (the mitochondrial sheath), which is lost at fertilization, all children of the same mother are hemi-zygous(half parented) for maternal mtDNA and are thus identical to each other and to their mother. Because of its cytoplasmic location in eukaryotics, mtDNA does not undergo meiosis and there is normally no crossing-over, hence there is no opportunity for introgression of the father's mtDNA. All mtDNA is thus inherited maternally; mtDNA has been used to infer the pedigree of the well-known "mitochondrial Eve. In sexual reproduction, paternal mitochondria found in the sperm tail are actively disintegrated, thus preventing "paternal leakage". Mitochondria in mammalian sperm are usually destroyed by the egg cell after fertilization.  

As mentioned before, mtDNA inheritance is solely matrilineal; you never inherit mtDNA from your father.

Forensically all depends on which DNA was extracted, (inadvertently)  to be typed!

Therefore In simple terms this research reveals only the maternal side of ancestral dissemination throughout Sri Lanka but with definite true pattern elucidating, though paternal side of it still in oblivion. If we can track the paternal DNA through Nuclear DNA more truth will emerge.