Is it Possible that DNA Genetic Material itself to fool the Definite Determination?           Part 3

Real Fathers may escape responsibility of fathering; Lawyers shall stand on their toes on floor to question the protocols used by laboratories, to determine a real father.

Control of gene expression

Last episode we were discussing about coding sequence of triplet codons and the non-coding sequences of Triplet Codons of the DNA molecules and termed the later as of ,  "useless" codons unless externally for forensic investigations. 

Based on the theory of evolution by Lamarck the first evolutionist by 1700

 “A life particle cannot maintain an abundant excess to be fittest for the best of survival”

Terming of non-coding sequences of Triplet Codons of the DNA as of "Junk", “useless” sequences is wrong biologically and though somewhat an older practice since as soon as the DNA was exposed as main component of chromosomes which was until then (1960) the only material for genomics of life studies.

As the name implies they do not encode for any proteins produced that ultimately decides the body shape, internal organs and metabolism. Later it was found that the genetically “useless” triplet codons transcribes into a noncoding transcribed transfer RNA, produces messenger RNA without a message and regulator ribosomal RNA etc. and brings about a halt to protein synthesis; unless otherwise the coding sequences for synthesis of proteins, would continue to synthesize proteins without any regulations harming the bodily functions and shape for the worst abnormalities within a life. It is postulated that non-coding sequences of Triplet Codons are actually functional as of all important regulating the protein synthesis within the body cell.

Synthesizing protein, Transcription and translation

There are many types of cells in a person’s body, such as heart cells, liver cells, and muscle cells. These cells look and act differently and produce very different chemical substances, though every cell is the descendant of a single fertilized egg cell and as such contains essentially the same DNA. Cells acquire their very different appearances and functions because different genes are expressed in different cells (and at different times in the same cell). The information about when a gene should be expressed is also coded in the DNA. Gene expression depends on the type of tissue, the age of the person, the presence of specific chemical signals, and environment and its mechanisms.

Proteins are composed of a long chain of amino acids linked together one after another. There are 20 different amino acids that can be used in protein synthesis—nine must come from the diet (9essential amino acids), and some are made by enzymes in the body. As a chain of amino acids is put together, it folds upon itself to create a complex three-dimensional structure. It is the shape of the folded structure that determines its function in the body. Because the folding is determined by the precise sequence of amino acids, each different sequence results in a different protein. Some proteins (such as hemoglobin) contain several different folded chains. Instructions for synthesizing proteins are coded within the DNA.

Transcription is the process in which information coded in DNA is transferred (transcribed) to ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA is a long chain of bases just like a strand of DNA, except that the base uracil (U) replaces the base thymine (T). Thus, RNA contains triplet-coded information just like DNA.

When transcription is initiated, part of the DNA double helix splits open and unwinds. One of the unwound strands of DNA acts as a template against which a complementary strand of RNA forms. The complementary strand of RNA is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA separates from the DNA, leaves the nucleus, and travels into the cell cytoplasm (the part of the cell outside the nucleus. there, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which is a tiny structure in the cell where protein synthesis occurs.

With translation, the mRNA code (from the DNA) tells the ribosome the order and type of amino acids to link together. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by a much smaller type of RNA called transfer RNA (trRNA). Each molecule of trRNA brings one amino acid to be incorporated into the growing chain of protein, which is folded into a complex three-dimensional structure under the influence of nearby molecules called chaperone molecules.

Thus it is obvious from the above that there should be a start codon which is ATG, followed by an openly readable stretch of 100 odd triplet codons that code for few amino acids of particular protein free of noncoding triplets or stop codons such as TAA, TAG, & TGA TCC and are the final in the stretch; start codon transcribed by mRNA and trRNA as UAG and the stop codons as UAA, UAG, UGA and UGG.  

No group of triplet codons assigned for one amino acid will not code for another; but start codon of RNA UAG codes for amino acid Methionine as well. Similarly stop codon UGG codes for amino acid Tryptophan as well. Both amino acids are essential amino acids and are the only coded by just one each triplet codon in DNA. 

How many molecules of DNA are there in one chromosome?

One chromosome is made of two chromatids; and each chromatid is a DNA molecule. Each DNA molecule is a double helix. So two DNA molecules per chromosome.

Total of 3.3 billion Nucleotide base Pairs per cell Nucleus in 46 Chromosomes that makes 3300 million divided 92 (46 X 2) and yields 35 million Nucleotide base Pairs per Chromosome; thus roughly should carry almost 10  million triplet codons representing 20,000 thousand genes and the rest are non-coding triplet base pairs. The entire set of coding triplet codon and non-coding triplet available living cell is known as Genome

We have learned the universal DNA activity of Eukaryotas, that is of animals and plants as a platform to understand the forensic determination of various issues, that will follow then and there, sexing of offspring also would follow as I wind up the series.